What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common condition caused by pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the wrist. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway formed by bones and ligaments on the palm side of the hand. When this space becomes narrowed or surrounding tissues become inflamed, the median nerve can be compressed, leading to pain, numbness, and weakness in the hand and fingers.
Because the median nerve controls sensation and movement in the thumb, index, middle, and part of the ring finger, symptoms are typically felt in those areas. Carpal tunnel syndrome often develops gradually and may worsen over time without treatment. However, with proper diagnosis and care, most people experience significant relief and restored hand function.
Who is at Risk for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing carpal tunnel syndrome. Some are related to anatomy and health conditions, while others involve repetitive use or workplace ergonomics:
- Anatomy: A smaller carpal tunnel or wrist fractures and dislocations that alter the space can increase pressure on the median nerve
- Sex: Women are more likely to develop CTS, possibly due to having smaller carpal tunnels
- Inflammatory conditions: Rheumatoid arthritis and other conditions that cause inflammation can affect the tendons in the wrist
- Other health conditions: Diabetes, thyroid disorders, and kidney disease have been associated with increased CTS risk
- Fluid retention: Pregnancy and menopause can cause fluid changes that increase pressure in the carpal tunnel
- Repetitive hand use: Prolonged repetitive motions, especially with the wrist bent, may irritate tendons and contribute to nerve compression
- Workplace factors: Jobs involving vibrating tools or sustained gripping may increase risk
How is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnosed?
Diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome involves a review of your symptoms, a physical examination, and sometimes specialized testing. Your provider will ask about the pattern and location of your symptoms, what activities seem to trigger or relieve them, and any underlying health conditions.
During the physical exam, your provider will test sensation in your fingers and assess hand and grip strength. Specific maneuvers such as tapping on the median nerve (Tinel’s sign) or holding the wrist in a flexed position (Phalen’s test) may be used to reproduce symptoms.
In some cases, nerve conduction studies or electromyography (EMG) may be ordered to measure electrical activity in the median nerve and surrounding muscles. These tests can help confirm the diagnosis, assess severity, and rule out other conditions.
Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome depends on the severity of symptoms and how long they have been present. Early intervention often leads to better outcomes and may help avoid the need for surgery.
Your provider will work with you to determine the most appropriate treatment approach based on your symptoms, lifestyle, and overall health.
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