Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. Often called “wear and tear” arthritis, it occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones gradually breaks down over time. As cartilage deteriorates, bones may begin to rub against each other, causing pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.
Unlike inflammatory forms of arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis is primarily a degenerative condition. However, inflammation can develop as the joint damage progresses. OA most commonly affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips, as well as the hands, spine, and feet.
While the joint damage caused by osteoarthritis cannot be reversed, symptoms can often be managed effectively. Staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, and working with your healthcare provider on a treatment plan can help slow disease progression, reduce pain, and improve joint function.
Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing osteoarthritis. Some are related to aging and genetics, while others involve lifestyle and joint health:
Osteoarthritis symptoms typically develop gradually and worsen over time. The severity of symptoms varies from person to person, and some people experience mild discomfort while others have pain that significantly affects daily activities.
Common symptoms of OA include:
Diagnosing osteoarthritis involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic testing. Your provider will work to confirm OA and rule out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms.
Your provider will ask about your symptoms, when they started, which joints are affected, and what makes the pain better or worse. During the physical exam, they will check for tenderness, swelling, redness, and range of motion in your joints. They may also assess joint stability and listen for crepitus during movement.
There is no blood test that diagnoses osteoarthritis, but your provider may order tests to rule out other conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout. Joint fluid analysis, in which a sample of fluid is withdrawn from the affected joint, can help distinguish OA from inflammatory or infectious forms of arthritis.
There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but a range of treatments can help manage pain, improve joint function, and maintain quality of life. Your provider will recommend a treatment approach based on the severity of your symptoms and which joints are affected.
